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Both PTI and ETI are involved in overlapping downstream immune responses, including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), calcium-mediated signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, transcriptional reprograming, callose deposition, and biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA) 2,3

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Researchers reported that MOTS-c administration significantly enhanced physical performance in mice across various ages, improving exercise tolerance in not just young but also middle-aged and old mice

Therefore, GSH itself may not be effective at direct reduction of reactive oxygen species under physiological conditions