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- Liposomal delivery enables glutathione to bypass the harsh digestive system, allowing for better absorption and delivery to the liver, the primary site of detoxification

The resultant reduction in cAMP leads to decreased cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity and diminished phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase-2, PFK-2

NSAIDs cause topical mucosal damage by inhibiting COX-1, resulting in a decreased level of prostaglandins, which protect the gastric mucosa, and thereby resulting in damage in both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) [12]

The SL apomorphine, on the other hand, has bioavailability of only 17%18%, which can be explained by nonexclusive absorption via the SL or buccal routes, when part of it is being swallowed and absorbed in the stomach [15, 16]