These mediators diffuse through the synovial fluid to the cartilage surface, where they drive chondrocytes toward catabolic, hypertrophic, or senescent phenotypes, upregulate MMPs and aggrecanases, suppress COL2A1 and ACAN expression, and promote oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thereby accelerating ECM breakdown (Wang et al., 2022)
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It reduces Ulcerative Colitis Damage In ulcerative colitis, inflammation damages the colon lining
Each disulfide bond formed during protein folding should generate a single ROS, 264 prolonged ER stress increases UPR-mediated ROS production through activation of CHOP