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Types of Samples Cotinine can be measured in several biological specimens: Testing Methods Immunoassays (ELISA, rapid tests) Quick, inexpensive Can be qualitative (yes/no) or semi-quantitative Common in clinical and workplace screening Chromatography-based methods (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS) More accurate and quantitative Can distinguish nicotine from cotinine and other metabolites Used in research or forensic settings Interpretation of Results Cutoff values vary by lab and context

Currently, one in four countries have insufficient data to monitor their tobacco epidemic

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One possible explanation for this greater sensitivity to price in LMICs is that changes in income resulting from purchasing tobacco products tend to have a greater impact on consumption in resource-constrained settings 506