Abbreviations AAb+: Autoantibody positive AFM: Afamin ApoB: Apolipoprotein B-100 ApoC1: Apolipoprotein C1 ApoL1: Apolipoprotein L1 BMI-SDS: BMI expressed as standard deviation score CETP: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein F2: Prothrombin FDR: False discovery rate GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GPX3: Glutathione peroxidase 3 GSH: Glutathione HGFAC: Hepatocyte growth factor activator HRG: Histidine-rich glycoprotein IGFBP1: IGF-binding protein 1 IGFBP2: IGF-binding protein 2 IGFBP3: IGF-binding protein 3 INNODIA: Innovative approaches to understanding and arresting type 1 diabetes LMM: Linear mixed effects model MASP2: MBL associated serine protease 2 MMTT: Mixed meal tolerance test ND: Newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor QC: Quality control Se: Selenium SERPING1: Plasma protease C1 inhibitor SRM: Selected reaction monitoring TGFBI: TGF--induced protein ig-h3 TTR: Transthyretin UFM: Unaffected family member References Rodriguez-Calvo T, Richardson SJ, Pugliese A (2018) Pancreas pathology during the natural history of type 1 diabetes

Cookie-cutter protocols ignoring these variables produce suboptimal outcomes, while thoughtful individualization maximizes benefits within each patient's physiologic capacity
doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 Gao H, Zhao Q, Tang S, Li K, Qin F, Song Z, Pan Y, Jin L, Zhang Y
The author would like to thank Dr Suwannee Saenthaweesuk, all the co-authors of her publications on AGE and the authors of all the cited articles in this review